![]() ![]() A paragraph referring to a Ray Bradley remark in April 1999 has been amended to make clear that he was referring to an earlier complaint to the journal Science by Mike Mann. In the original, the graph competing with Mike Mann's "hockey stick" depiction was said to be by Keith Briffa. This article was amended on 9 February 2010. But the emails reveal how deeply controversial it was at the time. Most researchers, including Briffa, now believe that statement was correct. And the hockey stick was given pride of place in the IPCC report, alongside the claim that " it is likely that the 1990s have been the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year of the millennium". Mann and Briffa eventually settled their differences. Of course, I don't agree with everything they write, and we often have long (but cordial) arguments about what they think versus my views, but that is life… As for thinking that is it 'better that nothing appear, than something unacceptable to us'… as though we are the gatekeepers of all that is acceptable in the world of paleoclimatology seems amazingly arrogant." ![]() I have worked with the UEA group for 20+ years and have great respect for them. "I would like to dissociate myself from Mike Mann's view … I find this notion quite absurd. But in April 1999, Ray Bradley, a co-author with Mann on the hockey stick study, was apologising for Mann's stance. For the record, I believe that the recent warmth was probably matched about 1,000 years ago." "I know there is pressure to present a nice tidy story as regards 'apparent unprecedented warming in a thousand years or more in the proxy data', but in reality the situation is not quite so simple. "It should not be taken as read that Mike's series is THE CORRECT ONE," he warned. Three hours later, he sent a long and passionate email. Mike thinks it lies nearer his result."īut Briffa did not. Jones and Briffa's " dilutes the message rather significantly," said Folland. Mann's graph was clearly the more compelling image of man-made climate change. But there were two competing graphs – Mann's hockey stick and another, by Phil Jones, Keith Briffa and others, which sought to ascertain temperatures over the past millennium using, among other things, tree rings, ice cores and coral. On 22 September 1999, Met Office scientist Chris Folland, an IPCC lead author, alerted key researchers that a diagram of temperature change over the past thousand years " is a clear favourite for the policy makers' summary". The revelation raises questions about the transparency of the IPCC process. Nevertheless the emails reveal that in 1999 there were huge rows about whether the new graph, should be given prominence in the next IPCC report due in 2001. Climate scientist stand by it.Īs yet, the university has not confirmed the authenticity of the emails apparently hacked from the University of East Anglia's climatic research unit. The resulting shape, first published by Professor Mike Mann of Pennsylvania State University in 1998, has become a symbol of the conflict between mainstream climate scientists and their critics. Motivates and inspires people to pursue science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields.The graph was a pioneering attempt to put together data from hundreds of studies of past temperature using "proxies" from analysing things like tree rings, lake sediments and ice cores.Inspires people around the world it is one of the best "brands" of the United States.Promotes international collaboration and supports peaceful foreign policy.Satellites, telecommunications, remote sensing, and GPS technologies. Advances space-related industries and has made contributions thatĭirectly impact people every day: including the first weather.Positive ripples throughout the economy larger than other federal Supports technology development and skilled manufacturing, creating.Benefits of NASAĪccording to a report by The Tauri Group, NASA provides broad social and economic benefits to the United States. Source: NASA Procurement Data View/Casey Dreier. See the full list, including prior fiscal years, in this Google Spreadsheet. ![]() The top 10 states by NASA contracted spending obligations in FY 2021. Though they in turn work with many additional supplies and businesses. SpaceX, and Orbital Sciences-are the biggest recipients of NASA funding, NASA's major contractors-Boeing, Lockheed-Martin, NASA spent 73.5% of its total budget on contracts with nearly 5,000īusinesses, nonprofit organizations, and educational institutions across Through contracts and grants made in every state of the union. NASA employs aboutġ7,000 people and supports the employment of tens of thousands more NASA spends its money on Earth, not in space. ![]()
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